Institute Director; Head, Strep A and Rheumatic Heart Disease; Co-Director of REACH
AM MBBS FRACP FAFPHM PhD FAHMS
The Telethon Kids Institute is headed by leading paediatrician and infectious diseases specialist Professor Jonathan Carapetis.
Professor Carapetis took up the position of Institute Director in July 2012 after six years leading the Menzies School of Health Research in Darwin.
He is recognised as a leading mind in the Australian health field, with particular expertise in Indigenous child health.
Amongst his many accolades, in 2018, Professor Carapetis was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his significant contribution to medical research. In 2013, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory and was named as Northern Territory Australian of the Year in 2008. He was a finalist in the Professions category of the 2018 Western Australian of the Year Awards and attended the Prime Minister's 20:20 summit in Canberra in 2008.
Professor Carapetis has made an international contribution and commitment to the reduction of rheumatic heart disease. While rare in most developed countries, Australia has one of the highest rates of the disease in the world due to its prevalence within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, particularly in Northern Australia.
Previous positions include terms as Director of the Centre for International Child Health at the University of Melbourne, Theme Director at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne and Clinical Fellow in Paediatric Infectious Diseases at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Professor Carapetis holds a clinical position with Perth Children's Hospital and is a Professor at the University of Western Australia, Head of the Telethon Kids Institute Strep A and Rheumatic Heart Disease Team, and Co-director of REACH (Rheumatic heart disease. Evidence. Advocacy. Communication. Hope)
Professor Carapetis is married with two children.
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Projects
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Publications
October 2020
Estimation of the force of infection and infectious period of skin sores in remote Australian communities using interval-censored data
Prevalence of impetigo (skin sores) remains high in remote Australian Aboriginal communities, Fiji, and other areas of socio-economic disadvantage. Skin sore infections, driven primarily in these settings by Group A Streptococcus (GAS) contribute substantially to the disease burden in these areas. Despite this, estimates for the force of infection, infectious period and basic reproductive ratio-all necessary for the construction of dynamic transmission models-have not been obtained.
Published research Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious DiseasesDecember 2020Quality of benzathine penicillin G: A multinational cross-sectional study
Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is used as first-line treatment for most forms of syphilis and as secondary prophylaxis against rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Perceptions that poor quality of BPG is linked to reported adverse effects and therapeutic failure may impact syphilis and RHD control programs. Clinical networks and web-based advertising were used to obtain vials of BPG from a wide range of countries.
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Allergy & Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases EpidemiologyOctober 2020Subcutaneous administration of benzathine benzylpenicillin G has favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics for the prevention of rheumatic heart disease compared with intramuscular injection
Benzathine penicillin G has been used as monthly deep intramuscular (IM) injections since the 1950s for secondary prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Injection frequency and pain are major programmatic barriers for adherence, prompting calls for development of better long-acting penicillin preparations to prevent RHD.
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases EpidemiologyJune 2020Progress towards a coordinated, national paediatric antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme
These data support that children are not just 'little adults' in the AMR era, and analyses by age group are important to detect differences in antibiotic susceptibility
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Skin HealthMay 202010-Valent pneumococcal non-typeable H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine versus 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) as a booster dose
18 months of age infants receiving 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine will have higher antibody levels
April 2020Reference exome data for Australian Aboriginal populations to support health-based research
Our data set provides a useful reference point for genomic studies on Aboriginal Australians
Published research Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Computational Biology Genetics and HealthMarch 2020Lessons learned in genetic research with Indigenous Australian participants
We reflect on the lessons learned from a recent genome‐wide association study of rheumatic heart disease with Aboriginal Australian participants
Published research Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2020RE-AIM evaluation of a teacher-delivered programme to improve the self-regulation of children attending Australian Aboriginal community primary schools
Benefits in teaching the Alert Program® to students in a region with high reported rates of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and self-regulation impairment
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Published research Health Promotion & Education Alcohol and Pregnancy and FASD Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2020Barriers and enablers of health service utilisation for childhood skin infections in remote aboriginal communities of Western Australia
Health service utilisation in this setting may be enhanced by improving general awareness of the significance of childhood skin infections
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthJanuary 2020Prevalence of Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal Throat Carriage and Prospective Pilot Surveillance of Streptococcal Sore Throat in Ugandan School Children
The Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pharyngeal carriage rates seen in Uganda (15.9%) are higher than the most recent pooled results globally, at 12%
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthJanuary 2020The high prevalence and impact of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy in First Nations populations in a high-income setting: a prospective cohort study
Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy persists in First Nations people in Australia and New Zealand and is associated with major cardiac and perinatal morbidity
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2019Standardizing clinical care measures of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: A qualitative synthesis
Pregnancy provides an opportunity to strengthen health system responses and address whole-of-life health for women with rheumatic heart disease
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2019SToP (See, Treat, Prevent) skin sores and scabies trial: study protocol for a cluster randomised, stepped-wedge trial for skin disease control in remote Western Australia
Skin infection burden in remote Aboriginal communities can be reduced by the See, Treat, Prevent (SToP skin sores and scabies) trial
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthSeptember 2019Talking skin: Attitudes and practices around skin infections, treatment options, and their clinical management in a remote region in Western Australia
Documenting carer, service provider and healthcare practitioner perspectives on skin infections provides more understanding of the context of treatment decisions
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child Development Skin HealthSeptember 2019Perinatal risk factors associated with skin infection hospitalisation in Western Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal children
We have quantified the relative influence of perinatal risk factors associated with skin infection hospitalisations in WA children
Published research Academic Biostatistics Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Skin HealthAugust 2019The Path to Group A Streptococcus Vaccines: World Health Organization Research and Development Technology Roadmap and Preferred Product Characteristics
Here, the role, status, and directions in Group A Streptococcus vaccines research are discussed
Immunisation Infectious DiseasesJuly 2019Understanding group A streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infections as causes of rheumatic fever: Protocol for a prospective disease incidence study
This study will identify the incidence of true Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis and serological responses to Group A Streptococcal GAS skin infections
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2019A population pharmacokinetic study of benzathine benzylpenicillin G administration in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease
Few children and adolescents receiving BPG as secondary prophylaxis will achieve concentrations >0.02 mg/L for the majority of the time between injections
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthJune 2019Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and agreement of echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease using the World Heart Federation evidence-based criteria
The WHF echocardiographic criteria enable reproducible categorisation of echocardiograms as definite RHD versus no or borderline RHD
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2019Severe adverse events following benzathine penicillin G injection for rheumatic heart disease prophylaxis: cardiac compromise more likely than anaphylaxis
These results indicate that anaphylaxis is not a major cause of adverse reactions to benzathine penicillin G
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2019Controlled human infection for vaccination against Streptococcus pyogenes (CHIVAS): Establishing a group A Streptococcus pharyngitis human infection study
We review the Group A Streptococcus Human infection studies and present the study protocol for a dose-ranging inpatient study in healthy adults
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2019Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics
We identified the existence of more than 290 clinically associated genomic phylogroups across 22 countries, highlighting challenges in designing vaccines of global utility
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2019High burden of infectious disease and antibiotic use in early life in Australian Aboriginal communities
Early life infections drive high antibiotic prescribing rates in remote Aboriginal communities
Published research Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2019Low positive predictive value of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes in relation to rheumatic heart disease: a challenge for global surveillance
We outline a series of research initiatives to improve identification of RHD in administrative data thereby contributing to monitoring the RHD burden globally
Published research Academic Biostatistics Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2019Treatment, prevention and public health management of impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies and fungal skin infections in endemic populations: a systematic review
Systematic review of the treatment, prevention and public health control of skin infections in resource-limited settings where skin infections are endemic
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthFebruary 2019Seasonal and regional patterns of lower leg cellulitis in Western Australia
In the warmer tropical regions of WA no seasonality was observed, but overall incidence of LLC presentations were higher
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2019Environmental and social determinants of acute rheumatic fever: a longitudinal cohort study
Prevention strategies in ARF endemic settings may be enhanced by targeting new members entering a community and children in environments of close contact
Published research Academic Biostatistics Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2019Time to tackle rheumatic heart disease: Data needed to drive global policy dialogues
This report provides an update on the contemporary global and regional policy landscapes relevant to rheumatic heart disease
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2019The fall and rise of Group A Streptococcus diseases
We overview the changing epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus infections and the genetic alterations that accompany the emergence of Group A Streptococcus strains
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthDecember 2018How many doses make a difference? An analysis of secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
increased adherence to penicillin prophylaxis is associated with reduced acute rheumatic fever recurrence and a likely reduction in mortality
Published research Academic Biostatistics Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2018Dysregulated IL-1β-GM-CSF Axis in Acute Rheumatic Fever That Is Limited by Hydroxychloroquine
We propose that hydroxychloroquine could be repurposed to reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease after acute rheumatic fever
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2018Australian researchers oppose funding from the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
Research and research funding must be independent of the tobacco industry, which continues to cause so much suffering
Published researchNovember 2018An economic case for a vaccine to prevent group A streptococcus skin infections
A vaccine that prevents GAS cellulitis and other skin infections, in addition to throat infections, would maximise its value and commercial viability
Published research Immunisation Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Invasive Streptococcus A DiseaseOctober 2018Epidemiology and risk factors for recurrent severe lower limb cellulitis: a longitudinal cohort study
Severe lower leg cellulitis recurrences are frequent, and each episode increases the likelihood of subsequent recurrence and length of hospitalization
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2018Severe lower limb cellulitis: Defining the epidemiology and risk factors for primary episodes in a population-based case-control study
Severe lower leg cellulitis presents a major burden to the health sector and is increasing with an ageing population
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2018Primary prevention of rheumatic fever in the 21st century: evaluation of a national programme
Population-based primary prevention of ARF through sore throat management may be effective in well-resourced settings like New Zealand
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2018Rheumatic Heart Disease Worldwide: JACC Scientific Expert Panel
The authors present a variety of pressing clinical research questions on optimal RHD prevention and advanced care
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2018Ascertaining infectious disease burden through primary care clinic attendance among young Aboriginal children living in four remote communities in Western Australia
Improved public health measures targeting bacterial skin infections are needed to reduce this high burden of skin infections in Western Australia
Published research Skin Infections Infectious Diseases Infectious Disease Implementation Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child DevelopmentSeptember 2018Investigation of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in an emerging sequence type 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone reveals discrepant resistance reporting
Our findings are crucial in demonstrating that the Northern Territory STS clone is not STX resistant
Published researchAugust 2018Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: How can health services adapt to the needs of Indigenous women? A qualitative study
Health systems did not meet the needs of pregnant Aboriginal women with rheumatic heart disease
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2018Scabies and risk of skin sores in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: A self-controlled case series study
The association between scabies and skin sores is highly significant and indicates a causal relationship
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2018Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease in a high-burden setting: Outcome of a stepped-wedge, community, randomized trial
This strategy did not improve adherence to rheumatic heart disease secondary prophylaxis within the study time frame.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2018Qualitative Evaluation of a Complex Intervention to Improve Rheumatic Heart Disease Secondary Prophylaxis
A multifaceted intervention was implemented using quality improvement and chronic care model approaches to improve delivery of penicillin prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child DevelopmentJuly 2018Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a group a streptococcus vaccine candidate (mj8vax) in a randomized clinical trial
Intramuscular administration of novel acetylated peptide-protein conjugate vaccine candidate MJ8VAX was demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2018Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2018Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Knowledge, attitudes, experiences and practices of the Western Australian youth custodial workforce
This study aims to establish the current knowledge, attitudes, experiences and practices regarding FASD and other neurodevelopmental impairments among youth custodial officers
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Published research Alcohol and Pregnancy and FASD Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2018Development of an opsonophagocytic killing assay for group a streptococcus
This Group A Streptococcus OPKA assay has the potential to provide a robust and reproducible platform to accelerate GAS vaccine development
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Invasive Streptococcus A DiseaseDecember 2017Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Risk Factors for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Aboriginal Australians Provides Support for Pathogenic Molecular Mimicry
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) after group A streptococcus (GAS) infections is heritable and prevalent in Indigenous populations. Molecular mimicry between human and GAS proteins triggers proinflammatory cardiac valve-reactive T cells.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Genetics and HealthMay 2018Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
Prevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models.
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2018Rheumatic heart disease in Timor-Leste school students: an echocardiography-based prevalence study
The rates of RHD in Timor-Leste are among the highest in the world, and prevalence is higher among girls than boys. Community engagement is essential for ensuring follow-up and the effective delivery of secondary prophylaxis.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2018Development of an opsonophagocytic killing assay for Group A Streptococcus
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide each year.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2018Lessons learned in the development of sustained release penicillin drug delivery systems for the prophylactic treatment of rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
The current prophylactic treatment to prevent rheumatic heart disease requires four-weekly intramuscular injection of a suspension of the poorly soluble benzathine salt form of penicillin G (BPG) often for more than 10 years. In seeking to reduce the frequency of administration to improve adherence, biodegradable polymer matrices have been investigated.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2018Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study
The age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are considerably higher than the global average
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2018Rheumatic heart disease in Timor-Leste school students: an echocardiography-based prevalence study
The rates of RHD in Timor-Leste are among the highest in the world, and prevalence is higher among girls than boys
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2018The NICE-GUT trial protocol: A randomised, placebo controlled trial of oral nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of acute gastroenteritis among Australian Aboriginal children
Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years globally, killing 525 000 annually. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) children suffer a high burden of disease.
Published research Infectious Disease Implementation Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2017Hospital admissions for skin infections among Western Australian children and adolescents from 1996 to 2012
Skin infections are a significant cause of severe disease, requiring hospitalization in Western Australian children, particularly with Aboriginal children
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child Development Skin HealthNovember 2017Rheumatic heart disease: infectious disease origin, chronic care approach.
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic cardiac condition with an infectious aetiology, causing high disease burden in low-income settings.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2017Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Cotrimoxazole) for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Including Impetigo, Cellulitis, and Abscess
We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies that address the utility of SXT for SSTI treatment, caused by either GAS or MRSA
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin HealthNovember 2017Hospital admissions for skin infections among Western Australian children and adolescents from 1996 to 2012
The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of skin infection associated hospitalizations in children born in Western Australia (WA).
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Vaccine Trials Group Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child Development Skin HealthAugust 2017Global, regional, & national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015
We estimated the global disease prevalence of and mortality due to rheumatic heart disease over a 25-year period
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2017Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study
The age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are considerably higher than the global average.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2017Clinical outcomes for young people with screening-detected and clinically-diagnosed rheumatic heart disease in Fiji
Young people with screening-detected RHD have worse health outcomes than screen-negative cases in Fiji.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2017Disparity in Mortality From Rheumatic Heart Disease in Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are much more likely to die from Rheumatic Heart Disease than other Australians.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2017Adherence to secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease is underestimated by register data.
Adequate resources are needed for maintenance of data quality in acute rheumatic fever/ rheumatic heart disease registers to ensure provision of evidence-based care and accurate assessment of program impact.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2017Repeat pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Indigenous Australian adults is associated with decreased immune responsiveness
These findings highlight the critical need to evaluate the efficacy of future pneumococcal vaccine programs in the Australian Indigenous populations that recommend repeated doses of 23vPPV.
Published research Immunisation Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2017Strongyloides seroprevalence before and after an ivermectin mass drug administration in a remote Australian Aboriginal community
We report the impact on Strongyloides seroprevalence after two oral ivermectin mass drug administrations (MDAs) delivered 12 months apart in a remote Australian Aboriginal community.
Published research Immunisation Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2017Clinical development strategy for a candidate group A streptococcal vaccine
This review outlines a clinical development strategy detailing the phases of development required for registration of a candidate Group A streptococci vaccin
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2017Rheumatic Heart Disease Severity, Progression and Outcomes: A Multi‐State Model
The prognosis of young Indigenous Australians diagnosed with severe RHD is bleak; interventions must focus on earlier detection and treatment
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2017Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in indigenous Australian children: A cost-utility analysis
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease is cost-effective in our context
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2017Streptococcus, Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Considerations
A directed approach to the differential diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever now includes the concept of low-risk versus medium-to-high risk populations
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2017Rheumatic heart disease across the Western Pacific: not just a Pacific Island problem
We aimed to review RHD burden in Western Pacific Region outside Oceania to identify countries with high RHD burden
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2016Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015
Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years in 1980 to 71·8 years in 2015
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2016Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015
Total global disability-adjusted life-years remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2016Preliminary consultation on preferred product characteristics of benzathine penicillin G for secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
A sample target product profile for reformulated benzathine penicillin G is presented
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2016Protocol for the systematic review of the prevention, treatment and public health management of impetigo, scabies and fungal skin infections in resource-limited settings
The evidence derived from the review will be used to inform the development of guidelines for the management of skin infections in resource-limited settings
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2016Efficacy of a trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal strains and against 2009 pandemic H1N1: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
This study assessed the efficacy of seasonal IIV3s against influenza due to 2008 and 2009 seasonal influenza strains and against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain
Published research Influenza Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Vaccine Trials GroupJuly 2016Transiently increased IgE responses in infants and pre-schoolers receiving only (DTaP) vaccines compared to those initially receiving at least one dose of DTwP vaccine
Confirm the generalised IgE-trophic activity of the DTaP vaccine in pre-schoolers and demonstrate similar (albeit transient) effects in infants
Published research Academic Biostatistics Immunisation Human Immunology Infectious Disease Implementation Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Vaccine Trials GroupJuly 2016Long-term outcomes from acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Adverse outcomes for people with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and the effect of comorbidities and demographic factors on these outcomes
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2016Impetigo and scabies - Disease burden and modern treatment strategies
Recent data on the epidemiology of impetigo and scabies and describe the current evidence around approaches to individual and community based treatment
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2016Status of research and development of vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes
Vaccines against Streptococcus pyogenes are considered as impeded vaccines because of a number of crucial barriers to development
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2016Focused cardiac ultrasound screening for rheumatic heart disease by briefly trained health workers: A study of diagnostic accuracy
Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) can identify individuals with subclinical disease who could benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2016Seven key actions to eradicate rheumatic heart disease in Africa: The Addis Ababa communiqu
Develop a 'roadmap' of key actions that need to be taken by governments to eliminate ARF and eradicate RHD in Africa
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2016The Importance of Scabies Co-Infection in the Treatment Considerations for Impetigo
Treatment success for scabies co-infection was lower than for impetigo overall, with a higher success seen in the co-trimoxazole group than benzylpenicillin
Published research Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2016Towards Improving Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Non-malaria Febrile Illness: A Metabolomics Approach
This study demonstrates the potential use of plasma metabolites to identify causality in children with severe febrile illness in malaria-endemic settings
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2016Myositis complicating benzathine penicillin-G injection in a case of rheumatic heart disease
A 7-year old boy developed myositis secondary to intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin-G in the context of secondary prophylaxis for RF
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2016Whole genome sequencing reveals extensive community-level transmission of group A Streptococcus in remote communities
There was evidence of extensive transmission of group A Streptococcus both within households and across the community
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2016Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is the result of an autoimmune response to pharyngitis caused by infection with group A Streptococcus.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2016Screening for rheumatic heart disease: Quality and agreement of focused cardiac ultrasound by briefly trained health workers
After brief training, health workers with no prior experience in echocardiography can obtain adequate quality images and make a reliable assessment
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2016Improving delivery of secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease in remote Indigenous communities
This trial aims to improve uptake of secondary prophylaxis among Aboriginal people with ARF/RHD to reduce progression or worsening of RHD.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2016A systematic review of the evidence that swimming pools improve health and wellbeing in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia
The benefits that swimming pools may bring to to ear and eye health in remote Aboriginal communities remains unresolved
Published research Ear Infections Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Ear Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child DevelopmentJanuary 2016The inequitable burden of group A streptococcal diseases in Indigenous Australians
Given the ongoing mortality and morbidity from GAS infections, we must address more effectively the treatment and prevention of GAS impetigo and pharyngitis
Published research Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2015Development of Group A streptococcal vaccines: an unmet global health need
This review provides an update on the current status of Group A Streptococcus vaccine development, & describes global efforts to accelerate the development...
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2015PneuMum: Impact from a trial of maternal pneumococcal vaccination on middle ear disease amongst Indigenous infants
This study was unable to demonstrate efficacy of 23vPPV in pregnancy against the co-primary outcomes of either all-cause infant ear disease.
Published research Ear Infections Immunisation Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseOctober 2015Changes in the clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in Australia's Northern Territory
This study adds to emerging data suggesting increasing importance of iGAS in low- and middle-income settings globally.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2015Rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous children in northern Australia: Differences in prevalence and the challenges of screening
This study compared regional differences in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous Australian children, and describes the logistical and...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2015Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries
These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2015The global epidemiology of impetigo: A systematic review of the population prevalence of impetigo and pyoderma
We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma.
Published research Skin Infections Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2015The 2015 revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever: Implications for practice in low-income and middle-income countries
This article discusses the 2015 revision of the Jones criteria by the American Heart Association for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2015Are minor echocardiographic changes associated with an increased risk of acute rheumatic fever or progression to rheumatic heart disease?
We aimed to determine the significance of minor heart valve abnormalities, including Borderline RHD, in predicting the future risk of acute rheumatic fever.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2015Rheumatic heart disease among adults in a mining community of Papua, Indonesia: findings from an occupational cohort
To describe the pattern of RHD occurrence in a sample of presenting cases from an occupational cohort in Papua Province, Indonesia.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2015Disparity in Mortality From Rheumatic Heart Disease in Indigenous Australians
This study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive examination of rheumatic heart disease mortality rates and trends in Indigenous Australians.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2015Sore throat: Is it such a big deal anymore?
This review article addresses the driving factors associated with diagnosis and treatment of sore throats caused by Group A streptococcus.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2015Comparison of approaches to rheumatic fever surveillance across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.
Rheumatic fever (RF) prevention, control and surveillance are increasingly important priorities in New Zealand (NZ) and Australia.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2015Evolution, Evidence and Effect of Secondary Prophylaxis Against Rheumatic Fever
The association between group A streptococcal infection and rheumatic fever (RF) was established in the early 20th century.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2015Post-infectious group A streptococcal autoimmune syndromes and the heart
ARF is a classical example of an autoimmune syndrome and is of particular immunological interest because it follows a known antecedent infection with group A...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2015The prevention, diagnosis and management of central venous line infections in children
With advancing paediatric healthcare, the use of central venous lines has become a fundamental part of management of neonates and children.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2015Controlling acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries: Are we getting closer?
Improved opportunities for the primary prevention of ARF now exist, because of point-of-care antigen tests for Streptococcus pyogenes, and clinical decision...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2015Impact of an Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration on Scabies Prevalence in a Remote Australian Aboriginal Community.
Scabies is endemic in many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, with 69% of infants infected in the first year of life.
Published research Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2015The stark reality of rheumatic heart disease
This editorial refers to ‘Characteristics, complications, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2015Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PREVenar13 and SynflorIX in sequence or alone in high-risk indigenous infants (PREV-IX-COMBO)
Otitis media (OM) starts within weeks of birth in almost all Indigenous infants living in remote areas of the Northern Territory (NT).
Published research Ear Infections Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2015Pediatric sepsis in the developing world.
Sepsis is the leading killer of children worldwide, but this is not reflected in estimates of global mortality.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2014Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in young adults from New Caledonia
The prevalence of echocardiographically diagnosed RHD in adults in New Caledonia is estimated at 5.9 per 1000
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2014Susceptibility to acute rheumatic fever based on differential expression of genes involved in cytotoxicity, chemotaxis, and apoptosis
Differences in the immune response, detectable by gene expression, between individuals who are susceptible to ARF and those who are not
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseDecember 2014The microbiology of impetigo in Indigenous children
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of impetigo pathogens in a randomised, controlled trial of impetigo treatment conducted in remote Indigenous communities
Published research Skin Infections Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2014Management of invasive group A streptococcal infections
Invasive group A streptococcal disease in children includes deep soft tissue infection, bacteraemia, bacteraemic pneumonia, meningitis and osteomyelitis
Published research Infectious Disease Implementation Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseNovember 2014Standardising and assessing digital images for use in clinical trials: A practical, reproducible method that blinds the assessor to treatment allocation
We describe the development and evaluation of a protocol for digital image collection by the non-professional photographer in a remote setting research trial
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2014The case for global investment in rheumatic heart-disease control
The review built a case for extending simple and cost–effective measures to all countries. Had these recommendations been put into action, significant...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2014Short-course oral co-trimoxazole versus intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin for impetigo in a highly endemic region
The major burden of disease is in developing and tropical settings where topical antibiotics are impractical and lead to rapid emergence of antimicrobial...
Published research Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2014Invasive group A streptococcal infection in the Northern Territory, Australia: Case report and review of the literature
This review article presents the case of infant Aboriginal twins with invasive group A streptococcal infection complicated by streptococcal toxic shock...
Published research Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJune 2014Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012
This paper examines the use of a new antibiotic to treat diarrhoea cause by Cryptosporidium infection in Australian Indigenous children.
Published research Aboriginal Health Infectious Disease Implementation Research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2014A systematic and functional classification of Streptococcus pyogenes that serves as a new tool for molecular typing and vaccine development.
This publication is a systematic analysis of all Group A Streptococcus M protein variants, to assist in the development of a vaccine.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2014Working towards a Group A Streptococcal vaccine: Report of a collaborative Trans-Tasman workshop
This paper is a report on progress towards a joint Australian and New Zealand vaccination program for Group A Streptococcus bacteria, which causes serious...
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2014Formal infectious diseases consultations at a tertiary pediatric hospital: A 14-year review
We analyzed the formal consultations seen by the infectious diseases service over a 14-year period at one of the largest pediatric hospitals in Australia.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2014Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections
This paper reports on treatment, and preventing infection in close contact, of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) using the antibiotic clindamycin and...
Published research Academic Biostatistics Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2014Echocardiographic screening in a resource poor setting: Borderline rheumatic heart disease could be a normal variant
Cross-sectional observational study across ten primary schools in Fiji in school children aged 5-14 years.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2014Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in high and low risk Australian children
We aimed to establish the prevalence of RHD in high-risk Indigenous Australian children using these criteria and to compare the findings with a group of...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2014Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Children in Tropical Northern Australia
We conducted a retrospective review for all cases of S aureus bacteremia and sterile site infections, for children under 15 years, in northern Australia over...
Published research Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2014Changes in the clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in Australia's northern territory
We aimed to measure the incidence and severity of invasive Group A Strep disease in the NT since 1996.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2014Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013
We generated updated estimates of child mortality in various age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2014The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Fiji
We observed S. aureus infections in Fiji in both community and hospital settings with an emphasis on clonal complex genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility.
Published research Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2013The second rheumatic heart disease forum report
Building on the foundation of the first RHD forum, over 150 interested participants met to discuss critical issues on the RHD landscape.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2013Continued challenge of rheumatic heart disease: The gap of understanding or the gap of implementation?
We still do not have a RF vaccine, although the recent announcement that the Australian and New Zealand governments are jointly sponsoring a program to fast...
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Skin Infections Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseSeptember 2013Extensive Diversity of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Remote Human Population Reflects Global-Scale Transmission Rather than Localised Diversification
The Indigenous population of the Northern Territory of Australia (NT) suffers from a very high burden of Streptococcus pyogenes disease, including cardiac...
Published research Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseAugust 2013Utility of auscultatory screening for detecting rheumatic heart disease in high-risk children in Australia's Northern Territory
Sensitivity and positive predictive value of cardiac auscultation compared with echocardiography is poor, regardless of the expertise of the auscultator.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJuly 2013Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Incidence and progression in the Northern Territory of Australia 1997 -2010
The reduction in ARF recurrence indicates that the RHD control program has improved secondary prophylaxis; a decline in RHD incidence is expected to follow.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2013Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease
In the 21st century, rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are neglected diseases of marginalized communities.
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMay 2013Updated model of group A Streptococcus M proteins based on a comprehensive worldwide study
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) M protein is an important virulence factor and potential vaccine antigen, and constitutes the basis for strain typing (emm-typing).
Published research Immunisation Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2013Group A streptococcal vaccines: Paving a path for accelerated development
Vaccine prevention of GAS infections and their immunological complications has been a goal of researchers for decades.
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseApril 2013Comparison of three methods for the recovery of skin pathogens from impetigo swabs collected in a remote community of Northern Territory, Australia
Immediate plating of impetigo swabs is the gold standard for bacterial recovery but is rarely feasible in remote regions.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseMarch 2013Attendances during the First 12 Months of Life for Aboriginal Children in Five Remote Communities of Northern Australia
The median number of presentations per child in the first year of life was 21 with multiple reasons for presentation.
Published research Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseFebruary 2013Progress toward a global group a streptococcal vaccine
The desire for an effective vaccine arises from the large burden of disease caused by the bacterium, particularly rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
Published research Immunisation Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2013Screening for rheumatic heart disease: current approaches and controversies
In endemic areas, RHD has long been a target of screening programmes that, historically, have relied on cardiac auscultation.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2013A national prospective surveillance study of acute rheumatic fever in Australian children
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an important cause of heart disease in Indigenous people of northern and central Australia.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Vaccine Trials GroupJanuary 2013Acute Rheumatic Fever and Chronic Rheumatic Disease
This chapter describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management principles of acute rheumatic fever.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2013Swimming pools in remote Aboriginal communities
Providing remote communities with access to chlorinated swimming pools has been considered as a possible strategy for reducing ear and skin infection rates...
Published research Skin Infections Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Maternal Health & Child DevelopmentJanuary 2013The Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occur at very high rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Aboriginal Health Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2013Preventing urinary tract infections in early childhood
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children, causes them considerable discomfort, as well as distress to parents and has a tendency to recur.
Published research Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart DiseaseJanuary 2013Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Their Global Burden
We review GAS transmission characteristics and prevention strategies, historical and geographical trends and report on the estimated global burden disease...
Published research Rheumatic Heart Disease Infectious Diseases Group A Streptococcal & Rheumatic Heart Disease -
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