Co-Lead, Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease Group, Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Diseases
PhD
Dr Ruth Thornton is a BrightSpark Foundation Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia and Honorary Research Fellow with the Telethon Kids Institute where she is the Immunology lead within the Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases. Her research interests lie in understanding the interactions between bacteria and the host in chronic and recurrent respiratory infections including ear, nose and throat infections and chronic lung disease.
Dr Thornton’s PhD from the University of Western Australia demonstrated that otopathogenic bacteria exist in both biofilms and intracellularly in the middle ear mucosa of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with chronic and recurrent otitis media. She also demonstrated that the middle ear effusion contains host DNA which can be used by the bacteria as scaffolding to maintain an infectious reservoir in the middle ear. This DNA scaffolding may provide a treatment target to prevent recurrent ear infections and repeat surgeries following initial ventilation tube insertions. Her research into the role of bacterial biofilms, intracellular persistence and host immunity in recurrent middle ear infections (OM) has changed paradigms in the understanding and treatment of OM. This research has directly translated into clinical trials to improve surgical outcomes for OM and will be used in improving treatment outcomes for children with OM with effusion and recurrent acute OM, as well as for Indigenous children with chronic suppurative OM.
Immunological assessments in these children have demonstrated differences in the way Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with chronic and recurrent otitis media respond to important vaccine antigens and candidates. These differences will be the subject of further investigation within the group so as to determine the most appropriate treatment and prevention strategies to achieve a positive outcome for all children with otitis media.
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Projects
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Publications
January 2021
Optimising a 6-plex tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis fluorescent bead-based immunoassay
Small volume assays are required for large-scale research studies and in particular paediatric trials, where multiple measures are required from a single sample. Fluorescent bead-based technology (Bioplex/Luminex) allows high through-put and simultaneous quantification of multiple analytes in a single test. This technology uses sets of microspheres, each with a unique spectral address that can be coated with a different antigen of interest.
Published research Immunisation Whooping Cough Vaccine Trials Group Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupFebruary 2021An observational study of antibody responses to a primary or subsequent pertussis booster vaccination in Australian healthcare workers
Adult pertussis vaccination is increasingly recommended to control pertussis in the community. However, there is little data on the duration and kinetics of immunity to pertussis boosters in adults. We compared IgG responses to vaccination with a tetanus, low-dose diphtheria, low-dose acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster at 1 week, 1 month and 1 year post-vaccination in whole-cell (wP)-primed Australian paediatric healthcare workers who had received an adult Tdap booster 5-12 years previously, to those who received their first Tdap booster.
Published research Immunisation Whooping Cough Infectious Diseases Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious DiseasesMarch 2021An observational study of antibody responses to a primary or subsequent pertussis booster vaccination in Australian healthcare workers
Adult pertussis vaccination is increasingly recommended to control pertussis in the community. However, there is little data on the duration and kinetics of immunity to pertussis boosters in adults. We compared IgG responses to vaccination with a tetanus, low-dose diphtheria, low-dose acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster at 1 week, 1 month and 1 year post-vaccination in whole-cell (wP)-primed Australian paediatric healthcare workers who had received an adult Tdap booster 5-12 years previously, to those who received their first Tdap booster. Tdap vaccination was well tolerated in both groups.
Published research Immunisation Whooping Cough Infectious Diseases Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Wet CoughJune 2021PCV10 elicits Protein D IgG responses in Papua New Guinean children but has no impact on NTHi carriage in the first two years of life
Nasopharyngeal colonisation with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is associated with development of infections including pneumonia and otitis media. The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) uses NTHi Protein D (PD) as a carrier. Papua New Guinean children have exceptionally early and dense NTHi carriage, and high rates of NTHi-associated disease.
Published research Immunisation Influenza Child Disability Ear Health Vaccine Trials Group Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupJune 2021Targeting host-microbial interactions to develop otitis media therapies
Otitis media (OM; middle ear infection) is the most common reason for pre-school children to visit a doctor, be prescribed antimicrobials, or undergo surgery. Recent Cochrane reviews of clinical trials have identified that antibiotics and grommet surgery are only moderately effective in treating OM, with recurrent or persistent infection observed in one-third of children. Research efforts are focusing on developing improved therapies to treat OM and prevent disease recurrence.
Published research Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupAugust 2021Differences in Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae Natural Antibody Development in Papua New Guinean Children in the First Year of Life
Development of vaccines to prevent disease and death from Streptococcus pneumoniae, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), the main pathogens that cause otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, are a global priority.
Published research Infectious Diseases Ear Health Vaccine Trials Group Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupOctober 2020Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes mucosal immune responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine booster in Papua New Guinean children
Invasive pneumococcal disease remains a major cause of hospitalization and death in Papua New Guinean (PNG) children. We assessed mucosal IgA and IgG responses in PNG infants vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) followed by a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) booster.
Published research Immunisation Infectious Diseases Vaccine Trials Group Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious DiseasesMarch 2020Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology
Review and highlight of the significant advances made towards vaccine development and understanding of the immunology of otitis media
Published research Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2020Panel 7 – Pathogenesis of otitis media – A review of the literature between 2015 and 2019
The most urgent areas appear to be to continue monitoring the emergence of novel otopathogens, and the need to develop prevention and preventative therapies
Published research Ear Infections Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2020Nasal delivery of a commensal Pasteurellaceae species inhibits nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonisation and delays onset of otitis media in mice
We have demonstrated that a single dose of a closely related commensal can delay onset of NTHi otitis media in vivo
Published research Ear Infections Infectious Diseases Pregnancy and Early Life Immunology Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease Group Skin HealthFebruary 2020Bacterial Reservoirs in the Middle Ear of Otitis-prone Children Are Associated With Repeat Ventilation Tube Insertion
Presence of bacterial otopathogen in the middle ear during ventilation tube insertion was a predictor of children at-risk of repeat ventilation tube insertion
Published research Ear Infections Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupJanuary 2019Pcv7-and pcv10-vaccinated otitis-prone children in new zealand have similar pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae densities in their nasopharynx and middle ear
PCV10 did not reduce NTHi density in the nasopharynx or middle ear, and was associated with increased pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density
Published research Ear Infections Immunisation Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2019The contribution of viruses and bacteria to community-acquired pneumonia in vaccinated children: A case - Control study
Respiratory viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus, are major contributors to pneumonia in Australian children
Published research Infectious Diseases Infectious Disease Implementation Research Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupApril 2019Combination of clinical symptoms and blood biomarkers can improve discrimination between bacterial or viral community-acquired pneumonia in children
Combining elevated CRP with the presence or absence of clinical signs/ symptoms differentiates definite bacterial from presumed viral pneumonia better than CRP alone
Published research Infectious Diseases Infectious Disease Implementation Research Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupJuly 2019The Contribution of Geogenic Particulate Matter to Lung Disease in Indigenous Children
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between dust levels and health in Indigenous children in Western Australia
Published research Aboriginal Health & Wellbeing Human Capability Airway Epithelial Research Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupDecember 2019High concentrations of middle ear antimicrobial peptides and proteins are associated with detection of middle ear pathogens in children with recurrent acute otitis media
Elevated antimicrobial proteins and peptides and cytokines in middle ear effusion are a marker of inflammation and bacterial persistence
Published research Ear Infections Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupApril 2018Evidence of functional cell-mediated immune responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in otitis-prone children
These data provide evidence that otitis-prone children do not have impaired functional cell mediated immunity
Published research Ear Infections Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2018Role of viral and bacterial pathogens in causing pneumonia among Western Australian children: A case-control study protocol
We aim to determine the contribute of bacteria and virus to childhood CAP to inform further development of effective strategies.
Published research Infectious Disease Implementation Research Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2018Bacillus licheniformis in geogenic dust induces inflammation in respiratory epithelium
We have previously demonstrated that mice exposed to geogenic dust PM10 experienced an exacerbation of inflammatory responses to influenza A virus.
Published research Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2018Role of viral and bacterial pathogens in causing pneumonia among Western Australian children: A case-control study protocol
Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally.
Published research Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2017Otitis-prone children produce functional antibodies to pneumolysin and pneumococcal polysaccharides
The production of functional antipneumococcal antibodies in otitisprone children demonstrates that they respond to the current pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)and are likely to respond to pneumolysin-based vaccines as effectively as healthy children.
Published research Ear Infections Immunisation Infectious Diseases Ear Health Vaccine Trials GroupApril 2017Australian Aboriginal children with otitis media have reduced antibody titers to specific nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine antigens
decreased serum IgG responses to NTHi outer membrane proteins may contribute to the development of chronic and severe OM in Australian Aboriginal children
Published research Ear Infections Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupNovember 2017Immunogenicity and safety of single-dose, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in pediatric and adolescent oncology patients
All children who are receiving therapy for cancer should receive a single dose of PCV13 as soon as possible after diagnosis, regardless of prior PCV exposure.
Children's Cancers Published research Immunisation Vaccine Trials Group Cancer Immunotherapy Leukaemia Translational ResearchNovember 2017Understanding the aetiology and resolution of chronic otitis media from animal and human studies
This Clinical Puzzle article describes our current knowledge of chronic otitis media and the existing research models for this condition
Published research Ear Infections Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupSeptember 2013Does a 10-valent pneumococcal-Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine prevent respiratory exacerbations in children
Our study will be the first to assess vaccine efficacy targeting H. influenzae in children with recurrent PBB, CSLD and bronchiectasis.
Published research Immunisation Influenza Infectious Diseases Vaccine Trials GroupJanuary 2013Genetic and functional evidence for a role for SLC11A1 in susceptibility to otitis media in early childhood in a Western Australian population
Otitis media (OM) is a common disease in early childhood characterised by inflammation of the middle ear.
Published research Ear Infections Genetics and HealthNovember 2010Are you listening? The inaugural OMOZ Workshop - towards a better understanding of otitis media
Are you listening? The inaugural OMOZ Workshop - towards a better understanding of otitis media
Published research Ear Infections Ear Health Vaccine Trials GroupFebruary 2022Prevalence and subtyping of biofilms present in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with protracted bacterial bronchitis or non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a cross-sectional study
Lower airway biofilms are hypothesised to contribute to poor treatment outcomes among children with chronic lung disease; however, data are scarce.
Published research Vaccine Trials Group Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupFebruary 2022Evaluating the effectiveness of the Play Active policy intervention and implementation support in early childhood education and care: a pragmatic cluster randomised trial protocol
Daily physical activity is critical during the early years of life for facilitating children's health and development. A large proportion of preschool children do not achieve the recommended 3 h of daily physical activity. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are a key setting to intervene to increase physical activity. There is a significant need for ECEC specific physical activity policy, including clearer guidelines on the amount of physical activity children should do during care, and strategies for implementation of these guidelines.
Published research Parenting & Families Early Childhood Development Playgroups Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease Group Child Physical Activity, Health and Development Food and NutritionFebruary 2022Sleep Disordered Breathing and Recurrent Tonsillitis Are Associated With Polymicrobial Bacterial Biofilm Infections Suggesting a Role for Anti-Biofilm Therapies
The underlying pathogenesis of pediatric obstructive sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and recurrent tonsillitis (RT) are poorly understood but need to be elucidated to develop less invasive treatment and prevention strategies.
Published research Vaccine Trials Group Airway Epithelial Research Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupMarch 2022Predominant Bacterial and Viral Otopathogens Identified Within the Respiratory Tract and Middle Ear of Urban Australian Children Experiencing Otitis Media Are Diversely Distributed
Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common infections in young children, arising from bacterial and/or viral infection of the middle ear. Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are the predominant bacterial otopathogens. Importantly, common upper respiratory viruses are increasingly recognized contributors to the polymicrobial pathogenesis of OM.
Published research Ear Infections Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupApril 2022Australian Aboriginal Otitis-Prone Children Produce High-Quality Serum IgG to Putative Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine Antigens at Lower Titres Compared to Non-Aboriginal Children
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the most common bacterial otopathogen associated with otitis media (OM). NTHi persists in biofilms within the middle ears of children with chronic and recurrent OM. Australian Aboriginal children suffer exceptionally high rates of chronic and recurrent OM compared to non-Aboriginal children.
Published research Ear Infections Vaccine Trials Group Subsite: Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Bacterial Respiratory Infectious Disease GroupJune 2008The role of chronic infection in children with otitis media with effusion: Evidence for intracellular persistence of bacteria
Demonstrate mucosal bacterial infection in children with otitis media with effusion (OME).
Published research Ear Infections Infectious Diseases Vaccine Trials Group -
Education and Qualifications
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Awards/Honours