Head, P4 Respiratory Health for Kids
MB BChir PhD MRCP FRACP
Areas for research expertise: Research Interests; Paediatric respiratory disease; Cystic fibrosis; Respiratory epithelium; Lung structure-function relation; Health service delivery models
Dr Stick is a career clinician and clinical researcher and holds a National Health and Medical Research (NHMRC) Practitioner Fellowship. Dr Stick is a member of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians Research and Education Subcommittee, the NHMRC Scholarships Committee and the NHMRC Grant Review Panel. He is also a member of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), Pediatric Program Committee, Joint ATS/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force on Infant Lung Function and USCF Foundation Data Safety Monitoring Committee.
In 2007, Dr Stick was appointed Clinical Lead of the Health Department of Western Australia, Respiratory Health Network, responsible for the translation of evidenced based models of care into state-wide health policy. Since 2005, he has been the Principal Investigator for the Australian Respiratory Early Surveillance Team for Cystic Fibrosis (AREST CF). AREST CF has developed a unique early surveillance program that has focussed attention on early manifestations of CF lung disease and has contributed to a paradigm shift from an approach based on amelioration of respiratory disease to one focussed on prevention of bronchiectasis, the major cause of morbidity/mortality in CF.
In July 2010, a collaboration between centres in Perth and Melbourne to investigate early childhood lung disease that Dr Stick lead was designated as a NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence. Dr Stick is also principal investigator for the 1st intervention trial to prevent bronchiectasis in newborns diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (COMBAT CF).
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Projects
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Publications
April 2019
Mucus accumulation in the lungs precedes structural changes and infection in children with cystic fibrosis
These findings indicate that early CF lung disease is characterized by an increased mucus burden and inflammatory markers without infection or structural lung disease
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2018Use of a primary epithelial cell screening tool to investigate phage therapy in cystic fibrosis
This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing pre-clinical in vitro culture models to screen therapeutic candidates
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2018Elucidating the interaction of CF airway epithelial cells and rhinovirus: Using the host-pathogen relationship to identify future therapeutic strategies
A better understanding of the innate immune responses by CF airway epithelial cells is needed to identify why viral infections are more severe in CF
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Computational Biology Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2018Predicting disease progression in cystic fibrosis
Comprehensive scores incorporating clinical, lung function, imaging and laboratory data will become essential in the future for predicting disease progression and for use in clinical trials
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2018Interleukin-1 is associated with inflammation and structural lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis
Our data associates IL-1α with early structural lung damage in CF and suggests this pathway as a novel anti-inflammatory target
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsAugust 2018CrossTalk opposing view: Mucosal acidification does not drive early progressive lung disease in cystic fibrosis
Whether airway mucosal acidification drives early progressive lung disease is controversial
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2018The association between Staphylococcus aureus and subsequent bronchiectasis in children with cystic fibrosis
De novo S. aureus acquisition at age 3 is associated with later bronchiectasis and FEF25-75 in children with CF
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2018Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma
This study demonstrates novel intrinsic differences in tight junctions gene and protein expression between airway epithelial cells of children with and without asthma
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids Respiratory Environmental HealthMay 2018Persistent induction of goblet cell differentiation in the airways: Therapeutic approaches
Here we review the current knowledge of key molecular pathways that are dysregulated during persistent goblet cell differentiation
Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsFebruary 2018Visualisation of Multiple Tight Junctional Complexes in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Apically located tight junctions in airway epithelium perform a fundamental role in controlling macromolecule migration through paracellular spaces.
Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids Respiratory Environmental HealthJanuary 2018Accumulation mode particles and LPS exposure induce TLR-4 dependent and independent inflammatory responses in the lung
We aimed to delineate the effects of LPS and AMP on airway inflammation, and potential contribution to airway disease by measuring airway inflammatory responses
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2018Persistent activation of interlinked type 2 airway epithelial gene networks in sputum-derived cells from aeroallergen-sensitized symptomatic asthmatics
Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms operative at baseline in the airway mucosa in atopic asthmatic with natural aeroallergen exposure
Asthma Published research Human Immunology Systems Immunology Airway Epithelial Research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2018Assessment of p.Phe508del-CFTR functional restoration in pediatric primary cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells
This study assessed an alternative approach, using a small scale halide assay that can be adapted for a personalized high throughput setting to analyze CFTR function of pAEC.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsDecember 2017Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics
Here, we show that conditionally reprogrammed airway epithelial cells (CRAECs) can be established from both healthy and diseased phenotypes.
Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2017Effect of posture on lung ventilation distribution and associations with structure in children with cystic fibrosis
Background: We assessed the effect of posture on ventilation distribution and the impact on associations with structural lung disease.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2017Airway surface liquid pH is not acidic in children with cystic fibrosis
Modulation of ASL pH has been proposed as a therapy for CF. However, evidence that ASL pH is reduced in CF is limited and conflicting.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2017Quantitative assessment of airway dimensions in young children with cystic fibrosis lung disease using chest computed tomography
To evaluate lung disease progression using AA dimensions on chest CT over 2-years in young CF patients longitudinally and compare to disease controls.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2017The AREST CF experience in biobanking - More than just tissues, tubes and time.
Research to further improve outcomes for people with CF is dependent upon well characterised, archived and accessible clinical specimens.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2017Multiple-breath washout outcomes are sensitive to inflammation and infection in children with cystic fibrosis
The lung clearance index may be a useful surveillance tool for monitoring the presence and extent of lower airway inflammation and infection
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2017Air trapping in early cystic fibrosis lung disease-Does CT tell the full story?
Mosaic attenuation on expiratory chest computed tomography (CT) is common in early life cystic fibrosis (CF) and often referred to as "air trapping"
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsAugust 2017Vitamin D supplementation of initially vitamin D-deficient mice diminishes lung inflammation with limited effects on pulmonary epithelial integrity
In disease settings, vitamin D may be important for maintaining optimal lung epithelial integrity and suppressing inflammation, but less is known of its effects prior to disease onset.
Published research Inflammation Cardiometabolic Sunhealth Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids Respiratory Environmental HealthJune 2017Early lung disease in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis: What have we learned and what should we do about it?
This review summarizes what we have learned about early lung disease in children with CF and discusses the implications for clinical practice and research
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsApril 2017Pulmonary microRNA profiles identify involvement of Creb1 and Sec14l3 in bronchial epithelial changes in allergic asthma
In this study, we aimed to use microRNAs-which are critical regulators of signaling cascades-to identify so far uncharacterized asthma pathogenesis pathways
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research Respiratory Environmental HealthFebruary 2017Induced sputum to detect lung pathogens in young children with cystic fibrosis
we aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of induced sputum with and without airway clearance techniques to detect lower airway pathogens in kids.
Published researchJanuary 2017Hypoxia and sterile inflammation in cystic fibrosis airways: Mechanisms and potential therapies
In this review, we consider recent evidence regarding hypoxia and sterile inflammation in cystic fibrosis airways
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsDecember 2016Respiratory function and symptoms in young preterm children in the contemporary era
Preterm children have worse lung function than healthy controls
Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2016Impaired airway epithelial cell responses from children with asthma to rhinoviral infection
Human rhinovirus infection delays repair and inhibits apoptotic processes in epithelial cells from non-asthmatic and asthmatic children
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsOctober 2016Effect of human rhinovirus infection on airway epithelium tight junction protein disassembly and transepithelial permeability
HRV-1B infection directly alters human airway epithelial TJ expression leading to increased epithelial permeability potentially via antiviral response of IL-15
Published research Systems Immunology Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids Respiratory Environmental HealthOctober 2016Reduced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the repair of airway epithelial cells of children with asthma
Reduced TGF-β1 levels in paediatric asthmatic airway epithelial cells directly contribute to the dysregulated repair in these cells
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsOctober 2016Of pigs, mice, and men: Understanding early triggers of cystic fibrosis lung disease
Understanding early triggers of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2016The genetic and epigenetic landscapes of the epithelium in asthma
Genetic factors in airway epithelial cells that are functionally associated with asthma pathogenesis
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsAugust 2016Dissecting the regulation of bile-induced biofilm formation in staphylococcus aureus
Wall teichoic acid may be important for protecting S. aureus against exposure to bile
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2016Bile signalling promotes chronic respiratory infections and antibiotic tolerance
Bile acid signalling is a leading trigger for the development of chronic phenotypes underlying the pathophysiology of chronic respiratory disease
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2016Alpha-1 antitrypsin mitigates the inhibition of airway epithelial cell repair by neutrophil elastase
Free NE activity is deleterious for epithelial homeostasis and support the hypothesis that proteases in the airway contribute to CF structural lung disease
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2016Lung Clearance Index and Structural Lung Disease on Computed Tomography in Early Cystic Fibrosis
Lung clearance index may be a useful surveillance tool to monitor structural lung disease in preschool and school-age children with cystic fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis Published researchJanuary 2016Airway epithelial repair in health and disease: Orchestrator or simply a player?
This review attempts to highlight migration-specific and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) aspects of repair used by epithelial cells
Asthma Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2015Progressive ventilation inhomogeneity in infants with cystic fibrosis after pulmonary infection.
This study aimed to determine how pulmonary inflammation & infection impacts on ventilation distribution throughout early life in people with cystic fibrosis.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2015Impact of lung disease on respiratory impedance in young children with cystic fibrosis
The present study investigated whether lung function measured by forced oscillation technique would be impaired in the presence of infection,...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsAugust 2015Disruption of β-catenin/CBP signaling inhibits human airway epithelial-mesenchymal transition and repair.
The airway epithelium of both children and adults with asthma is relatively undifferentiated characterized by a significantly increased proportion of...
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsApril 2015Respiratory tract exacerbations revisited: Ventilation, inflammation, perfusion, and structure (VIPS) monitoring to redefine treatment
For cystic fibrosis (CF) patients older than 6 years there are convincing data that suggest respiratory tract exacerbations (RTE) play an important role in...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsApril 2015Productive infection of human embryonic stem cell-derived nkx2.1+ respiratory progenitors with human rhinovirus.
Our experiments provide proof of principle for the use of PSC-derived respiratory epithelial cells in the study of cell-virus interactions.
Published research Infectious Diseases Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsApril 2015Matrix metalloproteinase activation by free neutrophil elastase contributes to bronchiectasis progression in early cystic fibrosis
The aim of this study was to assess if MMP activation positively correlates with neutrophil elastase activity, disease severity and bronchiectasis in young...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMarch 2015PRAGMA-CF. A Quantitative Structural Lung Disease Computed Tomography Outcome in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Chest computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for demonstrating cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease. However, there are no standardized outcome...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMarch 2015Early pulmonary inflammation and lung damage in children with cystic fibrosis
Airway inflammation and infection are present from early in life, often before children are symptomatic.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2015Biomarkers in paediatric Cystic Fibrosis lung disease
Biomarkers in cystic fibrosis are used for the measurement of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator function in order to diagnose cystic fibrosis,...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsDecember 2014Feasibility of parental collected nasal swabs for virus detection in young children with cystic fibrosis
No evidence to demonstrate relationships with symptoms and viruses, prolonged symptoms, prolonged shedding or patterns of virus infections in CF
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2014Determinants of culture success in an airway epithelium sampling program of young children with cystic fibrosis
Determinants of culture success through retrospective analysis of a program of routinely brushing children with Cystic Fibrosis airway disease
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2014House dust mite induced lung inflammation does not alter circulating vitamin D levels
We hypothesized that allergic inflammation decreases the level of circulating 25(OH)D and tested this using a mice model of house dust mite (HDM) induced...
Published research Vitamin D and Sunlight Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids Respiratory Environmental HealthNovember 2014Early respiratory infection is associated with reduced spirometry in children with cystic fibrosis
We hypothesized that the presence of these markers of cystic fibrosis lung disease in the first 2 years of life would be associated with reduced lung...
Published research Academic Biostatistics Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2014Early cystic fibrosis lung disease
This paper is about lung disease in patients with cyctic Fibrosis and prevention strategies to slow the onset of lung disease.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Bronchiolitis Nutrition P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMarch 2014Multi-modality monitoring of cystic fibrosis lung disease: the role of chest computed tomography
Stratification of monitoring protocols based on the risk profile of the patient can help us in the future to better care for people with Cystic Fibrosis.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2014Parental experiences of early pulmonary surveillance for children with cystic fibrosis: A research proposal for improved family psychosocial outcomes
The proposed study intends to explore parental experiences, including coping, related to their child's involvement in the early surveillance program.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsDecember 2013Transcription factor p63 regulates key genes and wound repair in human airway epithelial Basal cells
The airway epithelium in asthma displays altered repair and incomplete barrier formation.
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsNovember 2013The safety and feasibility of the inhaled mannitol challenge test in young children
Mannitol challenge tests are used clinically to diagnose asthma and, in particular, exercise-induced broncoconstriction (EIB) in adults and children above 6...
Asthma Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsOctober 2013Assessment of early bronchiectasis in young children with cystic fibrosis is dependent on lung volume
The aim of this study was to determine whether assessment of early CT scan-detected bronchiectasis in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF) depends on...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2013Chest computed tomography: a validated surrogate endpoint of cystic fibrosis lung disease?
Clinical trials for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease are important to test and optimise new therapeutic interventions.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2013Distribution of Early Structural Lung Changes due to Cystic Fibrosis Detected with Chest Computed Tomography
To examine the distribution of early structural lung changes in clinically stable infants and young children with cystic fibrosis using chest computed...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2013Expiratory flow limitation and breathing strategies in overweight adolescents during submaximal exercise
Young people who are overweight/obese are more likely to display expFL during submaximal exercise compared with children of healthy weight.
Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2013Novel end points for clinical trials in young children with cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease commences early in the disease progression and is the most common cause of mortality.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2013Risk factors for bronchiectasis in children with cystic fibrosis
We sought to determine risk factors for the onset of bronchiectasis, using data collected by the Australian Respiratory Early Surveillance Team for Cystic...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Bronchiolitis P4 Respiratory Health for KidsDecember 2012Regional Differences in Susceptibiity of Bronchial Epithelium to Mesenchymal Transition and Inhibition by the Macrolide Antibiotic Azithromycin
Dysregulated repair following epithelial injury is a key forerunner of disease in many organs, and the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype by the injured...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2012DNA Methylation Profiles of Airway Epithelial Cells and PBMCs from Healthy, Atopic and Asthmatic Children
Allergic inflammation is commonly observed in a number of conditions that are associated with atopy including asthma, eczema and rhinitis.
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsSeptember 2012Characterization of maximal respiratory pressures in healthy children
Measurements of maximal voluntary inspiratory (Pi max) and expiratory (Pe max) pressures are used in the management of respiratory muscle disease...
Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2012Progression of early structural lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis assessed using CT
Cross-sectional studies implicate neutrophilic inflammation and pulmonary infection as risk factors for early structural lung disease in infants and young...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2012Suppression of adrenomedullin contributes to vascular leakage and altered epithelial repair during asthma
The anti-inflammatory peptide, adrenomedullin (AM), and its cognate receptor are expressed in lung tissue, but its pathophysiological significance in airway...
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2012Hypoglycemia does not change the threshold for arousal from sleep in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
In adolescents with type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia does not impair arousal from slow-wave sleep induced by an external auditory stimulus.
Diabetes (Type 1) Published research Diabetes and Obesity P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2012Clinical investigation of respiratory system admittance in preschool children
We compared the ability of Ars, to standard oscillatory outcomes, to determine respiratory disease and differentiate responses to inhaled bronchial challenges.
Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsAugust 2011Air Trapping on Chest CT Is Associated with Worse Ventilation Distribution in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis
In school-aged children with cystic fibrosis (CF) structural lung damage assessed using chest CT is associated with abnormal ventilation distribution.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2011Infection, inflammation,and lung function decline in infants with cystic fibrosis
Better understanding of evolution of lung function in infants with cystic fibrosis...
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2011Defective function at the epithelial junction: A novel therapeutic frontier in asthma?
The airway epithelium forms a highly regulated physical barrier that normally prevents invasion of inhaled pathogens and allergens from the airway lumen.
Asthma Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2011Exciting new clinical trials in cystic fibrosis: Infants need not apply
The recent announcement of the negative results of the TIGER- 2 phase 3 study of denufosol tetrasodium
Cystic Fibrosis Published research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJune 2011The airway epithelium is a direct source of matrix degrading enzymes in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome
Long-term survival after lung transplantation is hindered by the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS).
Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2011Bronchial brushings for investigating airway inflammation and remodelling
Asthma is the commonest medical cause for hospital admission for children in Australia, affects more than 300 million people worldwide, and is incurable...
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2011Evolution of pulmonary inflammation and nutritional status in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis
Improved nutrition is the major proven benefit of newborn screening programmes for cystic fibrosis (CF) and is associated with better clinical outcomes.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Early Childhood DevelopmentFebruary 2011Innate inflammatory responses of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells: Effects of nonviral and viral stimulation
There is controversy regarding whether cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cells (AECs) are intrinsically proinflammatory.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJanuary 2011Randomised controlled trials in cystic fibrosis: What, when and how?
The major morbidity and mortality from cystic fibrosis (CF) comes from progressive lung disease with bronchiectasis leading to respiratory failure
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Academic Biostatistics P4 Respiratory Health for KidsJuly 2010Expression of bronchodilator response using forced oscillation technique measurements: absolute versus relative
Expression of bronchodilator response using forced oscillation technique measurements: absolute versus relative
Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2010Decreased fibronectin production significantly contributes to dysregulated repair of asthmatic epithelium
In human asthma, and experimental allergic airways disease in mice, antigen-presenting cells and CD4(+) effector cells at the airway mucosa orchestrate, and CD4
Asthma Published research Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for KidsMay 2010Lung function testing in preschool-aged children with cystic fibrosis in the clinical setting
This study investigated the nature and prevalence of atypical pain responses in Rett syndrome and their relationships with specific MECP2 mutations.
Cystic Fibrosis Published research Children's Lung Health P4 Respiratory Health for KidsOctober 2009Successful establishment of primary small airway cell cultures in human lung transplantation
The study of small airway diseases such as post-transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is hampered by the difficulty in assessing peripheral airway
Published research Bronchiolitis Airway Epithelial Research P4 Respiratory Health for Kids